Polish Christmas Traditions

• Szopki (Nativity scenes)
• Święty Mikołaj (Santa Claus)
• Wigilia (Christmas Eve)
• Opłatek
• Wigilia (Christmas Dinner)
• Choinka (The Christmas Tree)
• Pasterka (Midnight Mass)
• The Gathering of Kings

Midnight Mass, the Christmas Tree, carol singing, the giving of presents - these are all traditions which the Poles share with other European nations, though other customs like hanging elegant Christmas stockings are not widely followed. Family arguments, dodgy pop songs and spicy dishes which children aren't necessarily desperate to eat - those are not ruled out either. But let's not get carried away with the Scroogey side of Christmas (although it would be interesting to find a good Polish translation of the word 'humbug') as Poland has many marvelous traditions of her own, some of them deeply moving.

Of course, here in Krakow, the White Christmas that we all yearn for is the norm, which adds a delightful dose of magic to it all. After a fresh dash of snow, the Planty gardens - replete with their nineteenth century oil lamps - take on an almost Narnian aspect.

Szopki (Nativity Scenes)

These are often translated as cribs, but the classic Cracovian szopka (pr. shopka) looks more like the kind of coloured castle that you find in a Russian fairy tale. Nevertheless, the artists draw on distinctly local features for their inspiration - the towers of St. Mary's Church, the Barbican, Wawel Cathedral - all these are recurrent motifs.

In the olden days, nativity scenes provided a pleasant way of making a bit of extra cash for masons. When snow stalled construction projects, craftsmen would sell szopki and other ornaments for Christmas to well-to-do Cracovian households. In more recent times, an annual competition was instated, partly as a means of keeping the tradition alive. This entered its 63rd year in 2005.

The contest begins every year on the first Thursday of December, when the entrants (including everyone from youngsters to jovial old grandpas) bring their creations to the Mickiewicz statue on the Market Square. At midday, the bugle cry announces that the scenes should be whisked away to the Historical Museum, where judges will decide on the winner. The following weekend the winners are announced and the year's pickings are put on display.

Whilst in the past, szopki were often made of wood, a coloured-foil finish has become the norm nowadays. On a bad example this can appear decidedly garish, but the better szopki are fantastic even if for their ingenuity alone. A decent szopka can take more than 600 hours to construct, and they're full of idiosyncratic details - some humorous and others straight from the heart.

Święty Mikołaj (Santa Claus)

Polish children are blessed with the exciting prospect of two present extravaganzas. The 6th of December is the Day of St. Nicholas, the kindly saint so commonly associated with Father Christmas. A few weeks before the big day, children write letters to the old fellow (often posting them by hand to the post office or leaving them on the window sill etc.). If the little monsters have been good, the bountiful saint will bring rewards.....

Wigilia (Christmas Eve)

Wigilia (pr. Veegeeleea) is the most sacred day in Poland's yuletide calendar, culminating in the breaking of the 'opłatek' blessed wafer and sharing holiday wishes with loved ones, often a deeply emotional moment.

The central element of Wigilia (The Vigil) is a twelve course dinner without meat, the number of dishes symbolizing both the months of the year and the twelve apostles. A dash of hay is placed on the table, recalling the manger, and the celebration begins when the first star appears in the sky.

Opłatek

Before the banquet begins, pieces of 'oplatek' are handed around, and prayers are said. Thoughts turn to those members of the family who are not present, and an intensely reflective atmosphere takes hold.

The tradition of oplatek took off during the nineteenth century when many Polish families were separated, most famously after waves of patriots were dispatched to Siberia for rising up against Russian rule. Blessed wafers were sent to relatives in exile and divided families held parallel observances. Although an oplatek is inexpensive today, they often come imprinted with beautiful seasonal imagery. In the countryside, farm animals are also given oplatek as it was they who first greeted the baby Jesus. On this night, it's believed that the goodly animals talk in human voices. Many charming old photographs and exhibits on these themes can be found on the first floor of Cracow's Museum of Folk Culture.

Wigilia (Christmas Dinner)

As in many countries, some Christmas dishes, such as the ubiquitous carp, are not always a hit with all the family, particularly youngsters. However, most Poles love their Wigilia dinner, a 12 course feast that traditionally kicks off with a soup, usually beetroot (barszcz), often with dumplings. A common selection of dishes might include variations on herring, pike and carp recipes, a good range of vegetable dishes, dumplings with mushrooms and cabbage, poppyseed and honey cakes, and fruit compote. Quite often an extra place is laid at the table in tribute to the infant Jesus. It's said that should a stranger happen to knock on a family's door during wigilia, the family will welcome him in, with an extra place ready for him. Poles take it seriously and alcohol is not generally imbibed, something of a rarity in this part of the world, we must confess.

Choinka (The Christmas Tree)

Poles are very much attached to the Christmas tree tradition. In the lost eastern borderlands, Poles cultivated the idea that an angel comes and leaves the presents beneath the tree. There are regional variations, and in Wielkopolska some maintain that the 'little star' magically brings the presents, but this is not a nationwide custom. 

Pasterka (Midnight Mass)

With all the banqueting and present-giving out of the way, most Poles head to church for Pasterka. Carols (Koledy) are sung before the mass itself begins, and the service is a spirited occasion that's full of energy.

The Gathering of Kings

There is one final tradition on Wigilia, and in this case it's entirely peculiar to Krakow.

When the cathedral bell tolls midnight, a pair of enchanted knights wake from their slumbers. They emerge from a hidden mountain cavern and gallop through the night to Wawel Castle. There, in a mysterious crypt beneath the citadel, Poland's long-fallen monarchs gather for a solemn meeting. The knights knock at the chamber door and King Boleslas the Brave rises from his throne. What tidings do the gallant knights bring? This part of the legend nobody knows, but it's said that if you stand near the castle on the stroke of midnight, you can catch sight of the gallant warriors descending through the night sky.....